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Amazing Pictures Of Jesus Definition

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Jesus (pron.: /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς Iēsous; 7–2 BC to 30–36 AD), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity, whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God.[6] Christians believe Jesus to be the awaited Messiah of the Old Testament and refer to him as Jesus Christ or simply Christ,[7] a name that is also used by non-Christians.

Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that a historical Jesus existed,[8] although there is little agreement on the reliability of the gospel narratives and their assertions of his divinity.[9] Most scholars agree that Jesus was a Jewish teacher from Galilee, was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman prefect, Pontius Pilate.[10][11] Scholars have constructed various portraits of the historical Jesus, which often depict him as having one or more of the following roles: the leader of an apocalyptic movement, Messiah, a charismatic healer, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation.[12][13] Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.[14][15]

Most Christians believe that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of a virgin, performed miracles, founded the Church, died sacrificially by crucifixion to achieve atonement, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven, from which he will return.[16] The majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, who is the Second Person of the Holy Trinity.[17] A few Christian groups reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural.[17][18]

In Islam, Jesus (commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.[19] To Muslims, Jesus is a bringer of scripture and the product of a virgin birth, but not divine or the victim of crucifixion. Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh.[20] Bahá'í scripture almost never refers to Jesus as the Messiah, but calls him a Manifestation of God.[21]
Etymology of names
Further information: Jesus (name), Holy Name of Jesus, Name of God in Christianity, and Yeshua (name)

In the Christian Bible, Jesus is referred to as "Jesus from Nazareth" (Matthew 21:11), "Joseph's son" (Luke 4:12), and "Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph" (John 1:45). Paul the Apostle most often referred to Jesus as "Jesus Christ", "Christ Jesus", or "Christ".[22] In the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, he is referred to as عيسى‎ (‘Īsa).[23][24]

"Jesus" is a Latin transliteration, occurring in a number of languages and based on the Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs),[25] which is a hellenization of the Aramaic/Hebrew ישוע‎ (Yēšūă‘), a post-Exilic modification of the Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ‎ (Yĕhōšuă‘, Joshua).[26] The etymology of the name Jesus in the context of the New Testament is generally given as "Yahweh saves"[27] or "Yahweh is salvation".[28] The name Yēšūă‘ appears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus.[29] The first-century works of historian Flavius Josephus refer to at least twenty different people with this name.[30] Philo's reference in Mutatione Nominum item 121 indicates that the etymology of the name Joshua was known outside Judea at the time.[31]

"Christ" (pron.: /ˈkraɪst/) is derived from the Greek Χριστός (Khrīstos), meaning "the anointed one", a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Māšîaḥ), usually transliterated into English as "Messiah" (pron.: /mɨˈsaɪ.ə/).[32] In the Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible (written well over a century before the time of Jesus), the word "Christ" (Χριστός) was used to translate the Hebrew word "Messiah" (מָשִׁיחַ) into Greek.[33] In Matthew 16:16, the apostle Peter's profession "You are the Christ" identifies Jesus as the Messiah.[34] In postbiblical usage, "Christ" became viewed as a name—one part of "Jesus Christ"—but originally it was a title ("Jesus the Anointed").[35]
Chronology
Main article: Chronology of Jesus
Judea and Galilee at the time of Jesus

Most scholars agree that Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was born around the beginning of the first century and died between 30 and 36 AD in Judea.[36] Amy-Jill Levine states that the general scholarly consensus is that Jesus was a contemporary of John the Baptist and was crucified by Roman governor Pontius Pilate, who reigned from 26 to 36 AD.[37] Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in Galilee and Judea and did not preach or study elsewhere.[38][39][40]

The general scholarly agreement on the historicity of Jesus' interactions with John the Baptist and with Pilate shapes the approximate chronological picture. In the Antiquities of the Jews, first-century historian Josephus places the execution of the Baptist before the defeat of Herod Antipas by Aretas IV in 36 AD;[41][42] and the dates of Pilate's reign are well established by Roman sources.[43]

Two independent approaches have been used to estimate the year of Jesus' birth. One collates the Nativity accounts in the Gospels with other historical data; the other works backwards from the estimated start of his ministry.[44] The first approach applies Matthew 2:1, which associates the birth of Jesus with the reign of Herod the Great, who died around 4 BC, and Luke 1:5, which mentions that Herod was on the throne shortly before the birth of Jesus.[45] However, Luke's gospel also associates the birth with the first census, which took place in 6 AD.[46] The second approach ignores the Nativity accounts and considers the statement in John 2:13–20 that the temple in Jerusalem was in its 46th year of construction at the start of Jesus' ministry. Correlating this with Josephus' dating of the death of John the Baptist, and working backwards from the statement in Luke 3:23 that Jesus was "about 30 years of age" at the start of his ministry,[47] yields a date of 27–29 AD.[48] Elsewhere, John 8:57 states that Jesus was less than 50 years old. Some scholars thus estimate 28 AD to be roughly the 32nd birthday of Jesus.[49][50] Most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC,[51] but some propose a wider range between 7 and 2 BC.[52]
Israel Museum model of Herod's Temple, referred to in John 2:13

The years of Jesus' ministry have been estimated using three different approaches.[53][48][54] The first applies the reference in Luke 3:1–2 to the start of the ministry of John the Baptist in the 15th year of Tiberius' reign and the statement of Acts 10:37–38 that John's ministry preceded that of Jesus. The dates of Tiberius reign are known, and these indicate a date of around 28–29 AD for the start of Jesus' ministry.[55][48][56] The second approach uses the statement about the temple in John 2:13–20, together with Josephus' statement that the temple's reconstruction was started by Herod in the 18th year of his reign, to estimate a date around 27–29 AD.[14] The third method uses the date of the death of John the Baptist and the marriage of Herod Antipas to Herodias, based on the writings of Josephus, and correlates it with Matthew 14:4 and Mark 6:18.[41] Given that most scholars date the marriage of Herod and Herodias as AD 28–35, this yields a date about 28–29 AD.[53][57][50][58]

A number of approaches have been used to estimate the date of the Crucifixion of Jesus, scholars generally agreeing that he died between 30–36 AD.[3] One approach relies on the dates of the prefecture of Pilate, who was the Roman governor of Judea from 26 AD until 36 AD, after which he was replaced by Marcellus (reigned 36–37 AD).[59][60][61] Another approach, which yields the latest year possible for the Crucifixion, is to work backwards from the trial of the Apostle Paul in Achaea, Greece, by Roman proconsul Gallio, the date of whose reign is confirmed in the Delphi Inscription discovered in the 20th century at the Temple of Apollo.[62][63] The conversion of Paul is estimated at around 33–36 AD, and Jesus must have died before this.[62][63][64] Isaac Newton was one of the first astronomers to estimate the date of the Crucifixion, and his reasoning suggested Friday, April 23, 34 AD (Julian), rather than April 3, 33 AD,[65][66] the date computed in 1990 by astronomer Bradley E. Schaefer.[67] In 1991, John Pratt stated that Newton's method was sound, but included a minor error at the end. According to Pratt, Newton selected April 23, not because it happened to be St. George's day, but because he assumed a "postponement rule" from the modern Hebrew calendar, which was not in use at the time—a fact demonstrated over a century after Newton. Pratt suggested the year 33 AD as the answer.[65] Using the different approach of a lunar eclipse model, Humphreys and Waddington arrived at the conclusion that Friday April 3, 33 AD (Julian), was the date of the crucifixion.[68][69][70]